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+++ title = "Dotfiles with Chezmoi" author = ["Elia el Lazkani"] date = 2020-10-05 lastmod = 2020-10-05 tags = ["dotfiles", "chezmoi", "encryption", "templates"] categories = ["backup"] draft = false +++
A few months ago, I went on a search for a solution for my dotfiles.
I tried projects likes GNU Stow, dotbot and a bare git repository. Each one of these solutions has its advantages and its advantages, but I found mine in Chezmoi.
Chezmoi ? That's French right ? How is learning French going to help me ?
Introduction
On a *nix system, whether Linux, BSD or even Mac OS now, the applications one uses have their configuration saved in the user's home directory. These files are called configuration files. Usually, these configuration files start with a . which on these systems designate hidden files (they do not show up with a simple ls). Due their names, these configuration files are also referred to as dotfiles.
Note
I will be using dotfiles and configuration files interchangeably in this article, and they can be thought as such.
One example of such files is the .bashrc file found in the user's home directory. It allows the user to configure bash and change some behaviours.
Now that we understand what dotfiles are, let's talk a little bit about the previously mentioned solutions. They deserve mentioning, especially if you're looking for such solution.
GNU Stow
GNU Stow leverages the power of symlinks to keep your configuration in a centralized location. Wherever your repository lives, GNU Stow will mimic the internal structure of said repository in your home directory by smartly symlinking everything.
I said smartly because it tries to minimize the amount of symlinks created by symlinking to common root directories if possible.
By having all your configuration files under one directory structure, it is easier to push it to any public repository and share it with others.
The downsize is, you end-up with a lot of symlinks. It is also worth mentioning that not all applications behave well when their configuration directories are symlinked. Otherwise, GNU Stow is a great project.
Dotbot
Dotbot is a Python project that aims at automating your dotfiles. It gives you great control over what and how to manage your dotfiles.
Having it written in Python means it is very easy to install; pip. It also means that it should be easy to migrate it to different systems.
Dotbot has a lot going for it. If the idea of having control over every aspect of your dotfiles, including the possibility of the setup of the environment along with it, then dotbot is for you.
Well, it's not for me.
Bare Git Repository
This is arguably the most elegant solution of them all.
The nice thing about this solution is its simplicity and cleanliness. It is essentially creating a bare git repository somewhere in your home directory specifying the home directory itself to be the working directory.
If you are wondering where one would use a bare git repository in real life other than this use case. Well, you have no other place to turn than any git server. On the server, Gitea for example, your repository is only a bare repository. One has to clone it to get the working directory along with it.
Anyway, back to our topic. This is a great solution if you don't have to worry about things you would like to hide.
By hide, I mean things like credentials, keys or passwords which never belong in a repository. You will need to find solutions for these types of files. I was looking for something less involving and more involved.
Chezmoi to the rescue ?
Isn't that what they all say ?
I like how the creator(s) defines Chezmoi
Manage your dotfiles across multiple machines, securely.
Pretty basic, straight to the point. Unfortunately, it's a little bit harder to grasp the concept of how it works.
Chezmoi basically generates the dotfiles from the local repository. These dotfiles are saved in different forms in the repository but they always generate the same output; the dotfiles. Think of Chezmoi as a dotfiles templating engine, at its basic form it saves your dotfiles as is and deploys them in any machine.
Working with Chezmoi
I think we should take a quick look at Chezmoi to see how it works.
Chezmoi is written Golang making it fairly easy to install so I will forgo that boring part.
First run
To start using Chezmoi, one has to initialize a new Chezmoi repository.
chezmoi init
This will create a new git repository in ~/.local/share/chezmoi. This is now the source state, where Chezmoi will get your dotfiles.
Plain dotfiles management with Chezmoi
Now that we have a Chezmoi repository. We can start to populate it with dotfiles.
Let's assume that we would like to start managing one of our dotfiles with Chezmoi. I'm going with an imaginary application's configuration directory. This directory will hold different files with versatile content types. This is going to showcase some of Chezmoi's capabilities.
Note
This is how I use Chezmoi. If you have a better way to do things, I'd like to hear about it!
Adding a dotfile
This DS9 application has its directory configuration in ~/.ds9/ where we find the config.
The configuration looks like any generic ini configuration.
[character/sisko]
Name = Benjamin
Rank = Captain
Credentials = sisko-creds.cred
Mastodon = sisko-api.mastodon
Nothing special about this file, let's add it to Chezmoi
chezmoi add ~/.ds9/config
Listing dotfiles
And nothing happened... Hmm...
chezmoi managed
/home/user/.ds9
/home/user/.ds9/config
Okay, it seems that it is being managed.
Diffing dotfiles
We can test it out by doing something like this.
mv ~/.ds9/config ~/.ds9/config.old
chezmoi diff
install -m 644 /dev/null /home/user/.ds9/config
--- a/home/user/.ds9/config
+++ b/home/user/.ds9/config
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[character/sisko]
+Name = Benjamin
+Rank = Captain
+Credentials = sisko-creds.cred
+Mastodon = sisko-api.mastodon
Alright, everything looks as it should be.
Apply dotfiles
But that's only a diff, how do I make Chezmoi apply the changes because my dotfile is still config.old.
Okay, we can actually get rid of the config.old file and make Chezmoi regenerate the configuration.
rm ~/.ds9/config ~/.ds9/config.old
chezmoi -v apply
Note
I like to use the -v flag to check what is actually being applied.
install -m 644 /dev/null /home/user/.ds9/config
--- a/home/user/.ds9/config
+++ b/home/user/.ds9/config
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[character/sisko]
+Name = Benjamin
+Rank = Captain
+Credentials = sisko-creds.cred
+Mastodon = sisko-api.mastodon
And we get the same output as the diff. Nice!
The configuration file was also recreated, that's awesome.
Editing dotfiles
If you've followed so far, you might have wondered... If I edit ~/.ds9/config, then Chezmoi is going to override it!
YES, yes it will.
warning
Always use Chezmoi to edit your managed dotfiles. Do NOT edit them directly.
ALWAYS use chezmoi diff before every applying.
To edit your managed dotfile, simply tell Chezmoi about it.
chezmoi edit ~/.ds9/config
Chezmoi will use your $EDITOR to open the file for you to edit. Once saved, it's saved in the repository database.
Be aware, at this point the changes are not reflected in your home directory, only in the Chezmoi source state. Make sure you diff and then apply to make the changes in your home.
Chezmoi repository management
As mentioned previously, the repository is found in ~/.local/share/chezmoi.
I always forget where it is, luckily Chezmoi has a solution for that.
chezmoi cd
Now, we are in the repository. We can work with it as a regultar git repository.
When you're done, don't forget to exit.
Other features
It is worth mentioning at this point that Chezmoi offers a few more integrations.
Templating
Due to the fact that Chezmoi is written in Golang, it can leverage the power of the Golang templating system.
One can replace repeatable values like email or name with a template like {{ .email }} or {{ .name }}.
This will result in a replacement of these templated variables with their real values in the resulting dotfile. This is another reason why you should always edit your managed dotfiles through Chezmoi.
Our previous example would look a bit different.
[character/sisko]
Name = {{ .sisko.name }}
Rank = {{ .sisko.rank }}
Credentials = sisko-creds.cred
Mastodon = sisko-api.mastodon
And we would add it a bit differently now.
chezmoi add --template ~/.ds9/config
warning
Follow the documentation to configure the values.
Password manager integration
Once you have the power of templating on your side, you can always take it one step further. Chezmoi has integration with a big list of password managers. These can be used directly into the configuration files.
In our hypothetical example, we can think of the credentials file (~/.ds9/sisko-creds.cred).
Name = {{ (keepassxc "sisko.ds9").Name }}
Rank = {{ (keepassxc "sisko.ds9").Rank }}
Access_Code = {{ (keepassxc "sisko.ds9").AccessCode }}
Do not forget that this is also using the templating engine. So you need to add as a template.
chezmoi add --template ~/.ds9/sisko-creds.cred
File encryption
Wait, what ! You almost slipped away right there old fellow.
We have our Mastodon API key in the sisko-api.mastodon file. The whole file cannot be pushed to a repository.
It turns out that Chezmoi can use gpg to encrypt your files making it possible for you to push them.
To add a file encrypted to the Chezmoi repository, use the following command.
chezmoi add --encrypt ~/.ds9/sisko-api.mastodon
Misc
There is a list of other features that Chezmoi supports that I did not mention. I did not use all the features offered yet. You should check the website for the full documentation.
Conclusion
I am fully migrated into Chezmoi so far. I have used all the features above, and it has worked flawlessly so far.
I like the idea that it offers all the features I need while at the same time staying out of the way. I find myself, often, editing the dotfiles in my home directory as a dev version. Once I get to a configuration I like, I add it to Chezmoi. If I ever mess up badly, I ask Chezmoi to override my changes.
I understand it adds a little bit of overhead with the use of chezmoi commands, which I aliased to cm. But the end result is a home directory which seems untouched by any tools (no symlinks, no copies, etc...) making it easier to migrate out of Chezmoi as a solution and into another one if I ever choose in the future.